Europes Largest Minority Essay -- essays research papers

The Romani people of Europe are often referred to as "Gypsies". Thought they prefer to be called Roma. The Roma are descendants of the ancient warrior classes of Northern India, particularly the Punjab, and they are identifiable by their language, religion, and customs. The "Gypsies" gained there widely known name due to the fact that when they first arrived in Europe people believed that they had migrated from Egypt. Even after this was found to be untrue that name stuck to this minority group. Because recorded history of the "Gypsies" prior to their first documented appearances in Europe in the early 15th century is non-existent, there has been much debate as to their origins and early migration. Based on linguistic evidence, it is believed that the modern day "Gypsies" of the Middle East, Europe, Asia, as well as the Americas, originated in Northwestern India. There is also a general agreement regarding the approximate timing of their immigration. It is believed that the bulk of their immigration was during the 11th century, and took place in three major trips. Though this large group of people have been living in Europe for over ten centuries they are still not treated as equals to this day. The exact number of "gypsies" who live in Europe is unknown and guesses are inaccurate due to their nomadic life style. What is known is that population of "gypsies" is a large one that makes them the largest minority living in Europe. Though large in population they are also largely discriminated against. This discrimination dates back almost ,if not to the of there arrival in Europe. Throughout the centuries they have faced discrimination in many different forms, for a variety of reasons. Also there have been quite a few major outbreaks of intense discrimination that took place in different areas throughout Europe. During medieval times rumors where spread that the "Gypsies" were descended from a sexual encounter between a "Gypsies" woman and Satan. Christians believed that a conspiracy of blacksmiths, wizards and women had been organized to attack... ...ing and placement system for the "Gypsies". These placements and training will helps them to find jobs This is extremely helpful because finding a job can be a extreme challenge to them on there own, due to there lack of training and the widespread belief/stereotype that they are thieves and cheats. The "Gypsies" are a group of people with an extremely rich culture. There performances at festivals and such attract many tourists who find there life styles unique and interesting. The reason this minority group is discriminated against so terribly is not due to being a bad group of people, but a misunderstood group of people. Throughout European society and time there had been and still is a serve lack of understanding about the "Gypsies" which has lead to all the discrimination they have faced and are still facing today. When most people think of "Gypsies" they think of the stereotype "Gypsy", a nomad, a thief, and uneducated. Though finding schools for "Gypsies" can be hard there are "Gypsy" children that attend school. Only a minuet percentage of the "Gypsies" are nomatic.

Marriott Case Hbs

Issue In this assignment, we are asked to compute the WACC of Marriott Corporation and each of the company’s three divisions. Our approach is outlined in the next section. We made a series of assumptions regarding either the available data or the missing information. This has been explained below, in a separate section. Approach We applied the following formulae to calculate the WACC: Our assumptions are explained in the next section. The table below presents the approach for calculations at corporation level and division level according to each of the variables. Marriott’s capital structure comprises debt (fixed and floating) and equity. Marriott CorporationBusiness Lines 1Beta of Debt (?  ¬Ã‚ ¬d)Computed using correlation between S&P500 returns and HG Corp Bonds (recent history is implicitly more weighted), s. d. of the S&P500 and s. d. of the HG Corp Bonds (Exhibit 4)Same 2Risk-Free RateEstimated to be equal to 10y US Gov Interest Rate as of April 1988 (Table B)Same 3Current LeverageUsing financial statements (Exhibit 1), we estimated the market value of debt and divided by market value of assets. Market value of debt is estimated to be equal to its book value. Market value of assets is equal to market value of debt + market value of equity (number of outstanding shares * price per share)N/A 4Market Risk PremiumFrom table of returns (Exhibit 5), taken as the average of spread between rates of return for S&P500 and LT US Gov Bonds, 1926-87Same 5Tax RateEstimated from data in exhibit 1, from ratio between income before tax and net income for year 1987Same 6Beta of Equity (? E), Unlevered ? E Levered can be found in Exhibit 3 for the current debt load. Using the current leverage ratio (Step 3), we calculate the unlevered ? E. Having found unlevered equity betas of comparables from their leverage ratio and levered ? E (Exhibit 3), we averaged the unlevered ? E to get the unlevered ? E for each Marriott division. Restaurants division was mapped on Restaurants comparables, Lodging on Hotels whilst Contract Services was implied from Marriott’s and other two divisions unlevered ? E and their respective share in total assets book value. 7Cost of Equity (RL)We recalculated the new Levered ? E based on target leverage of Marriott (Table A) then, combine the Levered ? E, risk free rate, and MRP to calculated the cost of equity using CAPM relationship. Same, except unlevered beta from previous step was used to calculate levered beta. 8Cost of Debt (RD)See step 7, using Beta DebtSame 9WACCWACC formula accounting for ITS correctionSame, respective target leverage ratios and a ? D equal to Marriott’s ? D were used to estimate WACC. Assumptions †¢Overall Assumptions: Although we assume an ITS, we do not have the data to calculate individual ITS for each division and Marriott. As a result, we assume E*=E (rather than E*=E+ITS) and that the ITS is as risky as debt. We assume debt is perpetual and no growth. Beta of Debt: Although Marriott is one firm, we assume it is fairly comparable to a generic HG Corp, with single A rating. Therefore we performed a linear regression on the rate of returns of HG Corporate Bonds against S&P 500 rate of returns, as a proxy of the market portfolio rate of returns. †¢Risk-free rate: The 10Yr UST is assumed to be the best estimate at company and division level. Ideally, each cash flow shou ld be discounted using a government bond with the same maturity. For this case, the selection of the maturity should one that matches best the entire cash flow stream being valued. Also, 1Yr rate is very volatile and 30Y illiquid and thus there is premium built therein. We have assumed that the rates provided in Table B are for zero-coupon bonds, and USD. †¢Current leverage: Market value of debt is estimated to be equal to its book value. The firm is HG, risk premium for HG bonds is relatively low, and we have no information on coupon level of fixed rate debt. The floating rate debt is likely to trade close to par. For subsequent calculations, we also assumed the average maturity at five years. There is only long-term debt for us to consider. Market risk premium: In the same fashion that we estimate the risk free rate benchmark is 10y UST Bond Interest Rate, so we used the difference of average returns between LT UST Bonds and S&P 500 for the period 1926-87, the longest history available we have. We are aware of the imperfection of using historical rates of return. †¢Average corporate tax rate: We assume that the rate calculated as the average rate ap plied to 1987 is a reasonable proxy for future tax rate. Tax rate is applicable across divisions. †¢Cost of Debt: S&P 500 is also considered to be best proxy available for market portfolio. We also assumed no financial distress, which is reasonable because firm has real assets and overhead cost is 3% of revenue. Competitors and divisions have the same debt beta as Marriott: †¢Beta equity of each division: it has been assumed that the unlevered beta equity of each division is comparable to the average of unlevered beta equity of the comparables identified in the case for each relevant business segment. †¢Weighted average of book value of assets was used to determine the unlevered beta of Contract Division, we assumed this to be a reasonable proxy instead of market value of assets.

The Conspiracy of Water Fluoridation Essay examples

Few object to the therapeutic use of fluoride to stop tooth decay, but fluoridation, the addition of fluoride to the public water supply, can spark avid controversy. Most dentists, medical groups, and government officials argue that fluoridation is a cheap and risk-free venture that doubles cavity prevention. In contrast, a small minority of dentists and conservative political groups argue that fluoride is a hazardous, poisonous substance that should not be consumed. Some antifluoridationists even claim that fluoridation is an untrustworthy form of socialized medicine. But rather than just attacking fluoridation as socialized medicine, opponents originally claimed that it was a conspiracy to poison or brainwash Americans through†¦show more content†¦Constitutionality was frequently mentioned during a 1954 House Congressional hearing on the Fluoridation of Water that discussed the enactment of a national ban â€Å"to protect the public health from the dangers of fluorida tion of water† (U.S. Congress, 1). Opponents appealed to the First Amendment in two contexts. First, a pamphlet clearly depicted the view that fluoridation â€Å"constitutes a socialistic form of mass medication violating our State laws and the Federal Constitution†¦ [and] involves an unwarranted interference with individual liberty† (U.S. Congress, 323). Placing fluoride in the public water supply denied opponents the freedom of expression to not be medicated. Christian Scientists also claimed that fluoridation violated the freedom of religion. At the hearing, James Watt, a spokesman of Christian Science, testified that mass medication, â€Å"constituted a violation of fundamental religious rights† by violating a Christian Scientist’s right to heal with just prayer (U. S. Congress, 59). Opponents argued that as long as alternatives to water treatment existed, fluoridation was unconstitutional and Un-American due to its violations of individual rights. The visible conflict of paradigms results from the opposition’s conscious identification with political ideologies, whereas the fundamental cause of fluoridation opposition emerges from the individual’s subconscious craving for natural purity. According to MorrisShow MoreRelatedOral Health1667 Words   |  7 Pagestheir kids how to spit and brush their teeth .(â€Å"Saint Louis†) Caring for a childs teeth should be the same as caring for an infants gums. Anytime that you may need to calm down your baby you shouldnt always give them sugary foods instead give them water. They might not like it at first because its not what they want , but if the parent gets them used to it, surely they will love it. Some parents have the habit of dipping their babys pacifier in something that is likely to be sugary so the baby willRead More Tales of a Strange Love in Dr. Strangelove Essay882 Words   |  4 Pagesred propaganda he has internalized:   I can no longer sit back and allow Communist infiltration, Communist indoctrination,   Communist subversion,   and the international Communist conspiracy to sap and impurify all of our precious bodily fluids.   He elaborates further citing the Communist fluoridation of U.S. drinking water as the most dangerous of Soviet plots to infiltrate and destroy the American people.   With all the sense of a Joe McCarthy, Ripper is prepared to begin and accept the consequencesRead MoreNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 Pages------------------------------------------------- New World Order (conspiracy theory) This article is about the use of the term  New World Order  in conspiracy theory. For other uses, see  New World Order (disambiguation). The reverse side of the  Great Seal of the United States  (1776). The Latin phrase novus ordo seclorum, appearing on the reverse side of the Great Seal since 1782 and on the back of the  U.S one-dollar bill  since 1935, means New Order of the Ages and only alludes to the beginningRead MoreStanley Kubrick Essay1863 Words   |  8 Pages Jack D. Ripper is an obvious reference to the prostitute killing serial killer, and Buck Turgidson needs no explanation. The whole plot of the film seems to derive from Gen. Rippers amazing conspiracy theory about the Soviet poisoning his essence and leaving him impotent through water fluoridation. And of course the famous introduction, the in flight refueling of a bomber to an instrumental love song, is obviously pointing out the sexual appearance of the onscreen action. The Shining hasRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pages00000 Frm 00994 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH H3962 995 1 (ii) by inserting ‘‘, in cases under 2 paragraph (12), $50,000 for any violation 3 described in this section committed in fur- 4 therance of the conspiracy involved; or in 5 cases under paragraph (13), $50,000 for 6 each false record or statement, or conceal- 7 ment, avoidance, or decrease’’ after ‘‘by an 8 excluded individual’’; and 9 (F) in the second sentence, by striking

Thomas Welshs Trainspottings Depiction Of Scotlands...

Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting’s depiction of Scotland’s heroin-addicted subculture elicits a number of questions regarding issues of heroin addiction, choice, and societal dissociation; questions which will be explored and subsequently answered in this paper. Jason Middleton notes that it has been argued that influential pop-culture works such as Trainspotting are to blame for â€Å"’glamorizing’ heroin and ‘making it look cool’† (Middleton). However, I argue instead that Trainspotting provides a complicated viewing of a besmirched and quite unglamorous side of Edinburgh through characters such as Mark Renton, whose articulation on the importance of choice highlights the interplay between heroin use and the societal and cultural disconnect he experiences in the novel. Middleton, on the idea of societal disconnect, suggests that â€Å"negation of all affect and even the body itself [is] a possible consequence of disengagement from dominant social standards† (Middleton). In regards to the cause of this disengagement, Judy Hemingway contends that â€Å"spatial politics of culture are exemplified in Trainspotting through its portrayal of divisiveness which took place during the Thatcherite 1980s when lines of demarcation were drawn between those who were valued and those who were not† (Hemingway 328). Using Middleton’s ideas on â€Å"disengagement from dominant social standards† (Middleton) as the catalyst for this paper, I aim to explore Renton’s choice to disconnect from British and Scottish

Charles Dickens Great Expectations - 964 Words

Emma Lynch Mrs. Oliveros British Literature H February 24, 2016 TITLE Throughout Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, minor characters help in the development of Pip and his psychological state. The novel journeys with Pip as he grows from a poor, young boy to an adult in the upper class. Difficult situations, suspense, and dynamic characters fill the novel. Julian Moynahan, a professor emeritus of literature at Rutgers University, analyzed Dickens’ novel and produced excellent parallels between a select few of the characters in her work â€Å"Parallels Between Pip, Orlick and Drummle.† In particular, Moynahan elucidates the relationships between Pip and two subsidiary characters, Orlick and Drummle. Moynahan’s critical analysis of Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations describes parallels between Pip and minor characters, especially Orlick and Drummle, is cogent, yet the perspective that Pip’s psychology causes Miss Havisham’s death is arguable. It is apparent that Pip suffers a great deal of hardships th roughout his life. His character never tries to hurt any one else, but he is indirectly connected with harm, due to his association with Orlick and Drummle. In the novel, the people who hurt Pip throughout his life get harmed, yet ironically, he never gets harmed himself. Moynahan expresses in one of the most famous and influential critical studies of Great Expectations, â€Å"that Pip, judged on the basis of what happens to many of the characters closely associated with him, is aShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardshi ps provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginning of the novel. From the opening ofRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1017 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencer is somewhere else absorbing knowledge of a different setting.This abstract adventure is seized by author Charles Dickens in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is historical fiction giving readers comprehension of the Victorian Era.Upon the reading, readers begin to catch on the intended purpose and its significance. A person who lived during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens himself.He grew up during a time where differences in social class were to an extreme degree.Dickens went through

Jebel Ali Free Essays

Hatem Abou-Reeda JEBEL ALI RESEARCH Jebel Ali is a port town located 35 kilometers southwest of the city of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. The village has a thriving expatriate community with over 300 residents. Port Jebel Ali was constructed in the late 1970s to supplement the facilities at Port Rashid. We will write a custom essay sample on Jebel Ali or any similar topic only for you Order Now The village of Jebel Ali was constructed for port workers. Covering over 134 square kilometers (52 sq mi), Port Jebel Ali is the biggest man-made harbor in the world and the biggest Middle East port. Port Jebel Ali covers over one million square meters of container yard. It also contains space for medium- and long-term general cargo storage, including seven Dutch barns with a total of almost 19 thousand square meters and 12 covered sheds covering with 90. 5 square meters. Port Jebel Ali also consists of 960 thousand square meters of open storage. Jebel Ali is home to over five thousand companies from 120 countries of the world . With 67 berths. Jebel Ali Port was ranked 7th in the world’s largest ports in 2007. Jebel Ali port is managed by state-owned Dubai Ports World. Jebel Ali Port have been ranked as 9th in Top Container Port Worldwide having handled 7. 62 million TEUs in 2005, which represents a 19% increase in throughput, over 2004. The expansion of Jebel Ali port commenced in 2001, which is the master plan of the port. The stage one was completed in 2007, which has increased the storage and handling capacity by 2. 2 million TEUs and a Quay length of 1,200m. The entire project includes 2. kilometers of new berths. The Palm Jebel Ali is an artificial archipelago in Dubai, United Arab Emirates which began construction in October 2002, was originally planned to be completed by mid 2008 and has been on hold since. The port of Jebel Ali has become the port most frequently visited by ships of the United States Navy outside the United States. USS Ronald Reagan In port Jebel Ali. Emma Maersk was the largest cargo ship ever built berthed in Jebel Ali. Jebel Ali Terminal 2. How to cite Jebel Ali, Essay examples

Case Analysis of British Petroleum Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.How would you apply the four different Ethical approaches for guiding BPs Ethical decision making in the Period before the Explosion?2.From what we know of the Company, how would you Critically Evaluate the Planningfunction of their Management Processes? 3.Apply the Six Decision-Making steps to the decisions BP made during the Crisis and Critically Evaluate where they went wrong.4.Identify and Describe the Corporate Culture Prevalent at BP before and during thecrises.5.Given the details available of the Case, what can you infer about the OrganizationalThe Structure of BP? Can you Identify a link between the Organizational Structure and Corporate Culture of BP?6.If you were asked to assist BP in Managing the Change now necessary to rebuild trustin the Company and its Decisions, what would your Recommendations be?7.Research and find at least one Journal or Scholarly Web article which would Supportany Part of the analysis you presented for this Case. Answers: BP Case Analysis 1.So as to guide the ethical decisions made by BP, I would use the following approaches: The utilitarian approach-In this approach, ethical behavior is guided by what will result in the greatest advantages for the people (Scott-Ladd, PerryWilliams Kinicki 2015). They also took a risky approach to everything so as to save money. In the end, it costed the company its reputation as there was a loss of lives due to wrong decisions and a large oil spill that negatively affected the environment. The individual approach-This approach is for ones self-interest in the long-term but will assist others (Scott-Ladd et al. 2015). This theory was applied by the BP management when cleaning the oil spill. They used a very toxic dispersant, Corexit, in immense quantities. The moral rights approach-This theory aims at the respect of the rights shared by all human beings. Businesses can use international human rights policies to guide their decisions and actions (Scott-Ladd et al 2015). BP did not follow this theory. They totally ignored warnings about leaks, and this resulted in the death of 11 workers due to a methane explosion. The justice approach- This theory tells us that we should respect the right to fairness and equity. It questions whether an organization's policies are administered impartially or fairly (Scott-Ladd et al 2015). BP did not apply this approach as there is no justice for its employees. The company made decisions not considering the consequences to its stakeholders. 2.From the analysis, BP has a poor planning function of its processes. This is evident to the following issues that display themselves in the company(Cardinal, Miller TenBrink 2015) Poor management of the time-The company has poor time management hence the schedules are not followed. The team members do not seem to have a clear picture of expectations during projects. BP has made poor decisions because their venture schedule is behind and they are losing $1.5 million per day. Lack of clear project objectives-It seems that from the onset, there were no clear objectives set out for the project team. Lack of Clear Budget-It seems that there is no clear budget at BP. The company is using short-cuts in its processes. Dissatisfied customers-Planning poorly means poor end results hence dissatisfied customers. BP have greatly affected the environment by causing a huge oil spill. Lack of stakeholder support Poor planning means stakeholders will not support a project. Unpredicted risks and problems-BP did not anticipate an explosion, loss of lives and negative effects of oil clean up. 3.The six-decision making steps are used by an organization to identify a decision, gather information and assess resolutions (Hartman, DesJardins, MacDonald Hartman 2014). The following process might have been used by BP, but they failed in some areas Identification of decisions-The nature of the decision should be clearly defined. BP had various decisions to make, that is, how to drill oil safely, how to finish the project on time, how to effectively clean up an oil spill and how to deal with eventualities. Information Gathering-Pertinent information should be gathered before making a decision. Information can be internal or external. BP is a company with experience in oil-drilling. It should have looked at ways in which oil was safely drilled in other areas. It should have also considered the environment they were going to work in and assessed the dangers beforehand. No information was gathered, and decisions were made abruptly. Alternatives Identification-When gathering information one discovers several paths of action. BP did not consider this. When cleaning the oil spill, they used trial and error assumption until they achieved their goal. Weighing of Evidence-This involves evaluating the company needs and if they will be resolved through the chosen alternatives. The company should use alternatives that will meet its goals and objectives. BP did not weigh their evidence. They did not align their needs to alternatives, and this led them to choosing wrong alternatives. Choosing among alternatives-This means selecting the best alternative. BP did not select the best alternatives that would meet its needs as a company. There was a wrong connection of pipes and equipment to accident preventers. It means there was lack of training on doing this or the staff were just ignorant. Taking action and reviewing decisions-This is when positive action is taken and decisions reviewed against results. They took action by cleaning oils spill using a dangerous chemical rather than researching in a more efficient way to do it. The consequences were fatal, but it was already too late. 4.BP had a toxic corporate culture before, during and even after the crisis. This is evidenced by the following things that are characteristic of toxic cultures: Dictatorship- The manager dictates the employees and everything have to be done his way. The decisions at BP are made at the top level management, and no one is allowed to question or raise concerns (Guiso, Sapienza Zingales, 2015)... When employees are warned about leakages in the system, they ignore because if they escalate to management, nothing will be done Ideas are not welcome-Nobody is asked about their opinion. The management has already decided how the employees should work. In BP, employees do not speak out, and they do as dictated by the management despite imminent dangers. Eventually, there is loss of lives(Bolton, Brunnermeier Veldkamp 2013). Secrets Dominate the organization-In a toxic culture, there is no open door policy, and employees have no idea what direction the company is taking (Guiso, Sapienza Zingales 2015). BP seems to work like this. Decisions are made by the top management and staff are not involved. During the oil spill, trial-error methods are communicated downwards, and employees are just expected to adhere. They do not know who is making the decisions 5.The organizational structure of BP seems to be a Matrix Structure. In this type of structure, employees have some bosses and reporting lines. They report to divisional managers but also have project managers for specific projects. This model is prone to complications and confusion as seen in BP. The organizational structure of BP affects its organizational culture. The high performance of a company leads to strong culture (Alvesson Sveningsson 2015). Low performance leads to a toxic culture. In BP, the performance is low, deadlines are not met, and poor decisions are made. This leads to lack of motivation and therefore a toxic culture among the employees. Employees may be good performers, but if the structure is poor, they will adapt to it (Harper 2015). This is because they do not have control over the companys procedures and processes 6.If I were asked by BP to manage change so as to rebuild trust I would recommend the following steps: Increase urgency BP management should increase urgency in all its processes and performance. Employees should be educated on the importance of achieving goals and finishing projects efficiently (Jeston Neils 2014). Build a guiding team BP should have the right people as project managers. They should look at skills and experience and willingness to commit. Having right project managers will ensure that tasks are done correctly, and procedures and processes are followed (Hayes 2014). A committed manager will have his companys best interests at heart. Vision BP should have a vision, mission and project strategy (Jeston Neils 2014). Before beginning a project, all this should be laid down and the same communicated to the project team. Following this ensures efficiency in processes. Communication Communication should be enhanced at BP. The management should involve employees in their decisions and respond to their needs (Jeston Neils 2014). All project requirements should be communicated well to everyone. Empowering action BP should ensure any performance obstacles are removed, and feedback should be encouraged (Hayes 2014). The company can do this by ensuring the project team is well-trained, and feedback is encouraged. Creating short-term wins BP should have short-term targets for its employees. This will make achieving of timelines easier and even more enjoyable for employees. Give employees achievable tasks (Jeston Neils 2014). No letting up BP should encourage and motivate employees. Good work should be praised, and reporting should be encouraged. Making change stick BP should ensure all the implemented changes stick with the employees. This can be done by ensuring that there is employee engagement (Hayes 2014). Changes should be weaved into the organizational culture. 7.The European Journal article, The Role of Strategic Planning in Excellence Management Systems supports the emphasis on the importance of planning in an organization. The journal talks about how strategic issues can bring problems or opportunities to decision makers. It explains how strategic planning aims to build consensus in a company and why organizations should take it seriously. The Journal also explains the strategic planning process and how it influences the decisions that are made by the company (Suarez, Calvo-Mora Roldan 2016). This journal can be used in the BP case as it emphasizes the importance of planning and also guides in the planning process. BP can refer to this and see the decisions it made wrong and come up with ways of rectifying its planning process. This will help it in future to make the correct decisions and hence gain trust once more with the government who banned it from tendering, and with all its other stakeholders. References Alvesson, M and Sveningsson, S 2015, Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Bolton, P, Brunnermeier, MK and Veldkamp, L 2013, Leadership, coordination, and corporate culture. The Review of Economic Studies, 80(2), pp.512-537. Cardinal, LB, Miller, CC, Kreutzer, M and TenBrink, C 2015, Strategic Planning And Firm Performance. The Psychology of Planning in Organizations: Research and Applications, p.260. Guiso, L Sapienza, P and Zingales, L 2015, The value of corporate culture. Journal of Financial Economics, 117(1), pp.60-76. Harper, C 2015, Organizations: Structures, processes, and outcomes. Routledge. Hartman, LP, Desjardins, JR, MacDonald, C and Hartman, LP 2014, Business Ethics: Decision-making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hayes, J 2014 The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Jeston, J and Nelis, J 2014, Business process management. Routledge. Scott-Ladd, KPerry, MWilliams, P andKinicki, A 2015, "Management: a practical introduction:The manager's changing work environment and ethical responsibilities," McGraw-Hill Education, North Ryde, N.S.W. , (Chapter 3, subsections 3.3 and 3.4) Suarez, E Calvo-Mora, A and Roldn, JL 2016, The role of strategic planning in excellence management systems. European Journal of Operational Research, 248(2), pp.532-542.