DBQ Reconstruction Essay Example for Free

DBQ Reconstruction Essay The union victory in the Civil War gave four million slaves their freedom, but reuniting the South with the North introduced a new set of significant challenges. The Congress Reconstruction were the efforts to establish and protect citizens rights of freedom. Democrats led to the failure of the Congress Reconstruction by forgiving those who participated in the Civil War who were still in favor of slavery and inequality. This act of Amnesty led to three major obstacles for reconstruction: the emergence of the Ku Kux Klan, the development of black codes, and the Compromise f 1877. The emergence of the Ku Kux Klan was one of the main contributors to the failure of the Congress Reconstruction, leaving open spots for other major events that brought completely down the reconstruction. On November 23, 1868, in Tennessee, General George Thomas explained that the purpose of the Ku Kux Klan was to allow the Southern people that participated in the Civil War to come in union with those who had abandoned the thought of inequality. This gave them the advantage to bring back inequality and kill black men. (Document 2). By forgiving these Southern people, illing freedmen became easy. These people that were being forgiven had the same mentality from before the war, which was involved with the approval of slavery and the inequality there should be because black men werent like white men. Kenneth Stampp, a history professor form the University of California at Berkeley, expressed himself in The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 about how in May 1872, the Congress developed an Amnesty act to reestablish the right to vote for the majority of those Southerners that had been forgiven. (Document 3). Giving the right to vote to these eople, put the reconstruction in danger. The right of voting allowed Southerners to vote for someone that would still want slavery. Voting for someone with a mentality like that would Just allow slavery back, and thats why The Congress Reconstruction started to fail. Even though the black codes were created with the purpose of giving freedmen equal rights like white men, the codes werent followed correctly and black men were still being discriminated. The black codes were supposed to follow the 13, 14, and 15th amendment, but they werent quite followed the way it was supposed to. Both black and white men were given the same rights, but everything was separated between races, one was for black men and one for white men, showing discrimination. When the black codes were established, black men became freedmen, but even though these men could start living as freedmen, many decided to stay as slaves. In a compilation of these interviews published by Benjamin Botkin in 1945, John McCoy is quoted as saying, l works for Marse John he says one morningJohn, you can go the government say you is free l didnt know nothing what money was, nohow, but I knows Ill git plenty victuals to eat, so I stays (Document 7). The majority of slaves had been slaves through their entire life. These people didnt know how to live themselves. Black men were ignorants on how to live without being a slave, so many, just like McCoy, decided to stay where they were working so their owners would provide them an easier way of surviving even though they were still working as slaves. In 1935, an African-American historian, Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, published a book of the history of Reconstruction where he wrote, Negros who wanted to work must not dabble in politics. Negroes who wanted to increase their income must not agitate the Negro problem in order to earn living, the American Negro was compelled to give up his political power (Document 6). This excerpt of the book shows how black men where not only being discriminated, but being left out politically too. If black men wanted work being freedmen, then they would have to stay out of the political power. White men were powerful and this is why giving up political power wasnt an option, but a forceful act from the white. Black codes were not being followed, white men always managed to find a way to obtain what they wanted. The reconstruction was failing because nobody was respecting laws anymore, and black men couldnt do anything about it besides remaining quiet and following white mens instructions, which became their only real guarantee of surviving. The Compromise of 1877 was created to decide which candidate should be taken as a winner, either Hayes or Tilden, leading towards a decision that helped the Congress Reconstruction fail. As can be seen in the electoral distribution map from the election of 1876, Hayes won by only one electoral vote and lost the popular vote by 254,235. Document 8). The 1877 Compromise was an agreement to take away Northern troops from the South. This agreement was made due to Tildens request so he would let Hayes win. The removal of Northern troops left freedmen without protection, and became easy targets for Southerners to attack. If Hayes wanted to win, he had to accept the request, so he took away the troops because if not, Tilden would have stayed in the power and done worse acts. In November 4 and 5, 1874, the front-page of New York Times published two headlines that announced how Democrats entered he House of Representatives and convert the Congress to be Democratic as well. (Document 5). These Democratic victories helped undermine Congress efforts to help freedmen by creating laws and acts that followed racism ideas. There was no more hope for the reconstruction at this point. Democrats were taking all the power and black men could not do anything anymore. Being free was not an option anymore, but a far away dream instead. Even though black people were given the opportunity to have some rights and equality, the Congress Reconstruction failed because events such as the creation of he Ku Kux Klan, the construction of the black codes, and the Compromise of 1877, kept their old beliefs of slavery and inequality.

Europes Largest Minority Essay -- essays research papers

The Romani people of Europe are often referred to as "Gypsies". Thought they prefer to be called Roma. The Roma are descendants of the ancient warrior classes of Northern India, particularly the Punjab, and they are identifiable by their language, religion, and customs. The "Gypsies" gained there widely known name due to the fact that when they first arrived in Europe people believed that they had migrated from Egypt. Even after this was found to be untrue that name stuck to this minority group. Because recorded history of the "Gypsies" prior to their first documented appearances in Europe in the early 15th century is non-existent, there has been much debate as to their origins and early migration. Based on linguistic evidence, it is believed that the modern day "Gypsies" of the Middle East, Europe, Asia, as well as the Americas, originated in Northwestern India. There is also a general agreement regarding the approximate timing of their immigration. It is believed that the bulk of their immigration was during the 11th century, and took place in three major trips. Though this large group of people have been living in Europe for over ten centuries they are still not treated as equals to this day. The exact number of "gypsies" who live in Europe is unknown and guesses are inaccurate due to their nomadic life style. What is known is that population of "gypsies" is a large one that makes them the largest minority living in Europe. Though large in population they are also largely discriminated against. This discrimination dates back almost ,if not to the of there arrival in Europe. Throughout the centuries they have faced discrimination in many different forms, for a variety of reasons. Also there have been quite a few major outbreaks of intense discrimination that took place in different areas throughout Europe. During medieval times rumors where spread that the "Gypsies" were descended from a sexual encounter between a "Gypsies" woman and Satan. Christians believed that a conspiracy of blacksmiths, wizards and women had been organized to attack... ...ing and placement system for the "Gypsies". These placements and training will helps them to find jobs This is extremely helpful because finding a job can be a extreme challenge to them on there own, due to there lack of training and the widespread belief/stereotype that they are thieves and cheats. The "Gypsies" are a group of people with an extremely rich culture. There performances at festivals and such attract many tourists who find there life styles unique and interesting. The reason this minority group is discriminated against so terribly is not due to being a bad group of people, but a misunderstood group of people. Throughout European society and time there had been and still is a serve lack of understanding about the "Gypsies" which has lead to all the discrimination they have faced and are still facing today. When most people think of "Gypsies" they think of the stereotype "Gypsy", a nomad, a thief, and uneducated. Though finding schools for "Gypsies" can be hard there are "Gypsy" children that attend school. Only a minuet percentage of the "Gypsies" are nomatic.

Marriott Case Hbs

Issue In this assignment, we are asked to compute the WACC of Marriott Corporation and each of the company’s three divisions. Our approach is outlined in the next section. We made a series of assumptions regarding either the available data or the missing information. This has been explained below, in a separate section. Approach We applied the following formulae to calculate the WACC: Our assumptions are explained in the next section. The table below presents the approach for calculations at corporation level and division level according to each of the variables. Marriott’s capital structure comprises debt (fixed and floating) and equity. Marriott CorporationBusiness Lines 1Beta of Debt (?  ¬Ã‚ ¬d)Computed using correlation between S&P500 returns and HG Corp Bonds (recent history is implicitly more weighted), s. d. of the S&P500 and s. d. of the HG Corp Bonds (Exhibit 4)Same 2Risk-Free RateEstimated to be equal to 10y US Gov Interest Rate as of April 1988 (Table B)Same 3Current LeverageUsing financial statements (Exhibit 1), we estimated the market value of debt and divided by market value of assets. Market value of debt is estimated to be equal to its book value. Market value of assets is equal to market value of debt + market value of equity (number of outstanding shares * price per share)N/A 4Market Risk PremiumFrom table of returns (Exhibit 5), taken as the average of spread between rates of return for S&P500 and LT US Gov Bonds, 1926-87Same 5Tax RateEstimated from data in exhibit 1, from ratio between income before tax and net income for year 1987Same 6Beta of Equity (? E), Unlevered ? E Levered can be found in Exhibit 3 for the current debt load. Using the current leverage ratio (Step 3), we calculate the unlevered ? E. Having found unlevered equity betas of comparables from their leverage ratio and levered ? E (Exhibit 3), we averaged the unlevered ? E to get the unlevered ? E for each Marriott division. Restaurants division was mapped on Restaurants comparables, Lodging on Hotels whilst Contract Services was implied from Marriott’s and other two divisions unlevered ? E and their respective share in total assets book value. 7Cost of Equity (RL)We recalculated the new Levered ? E based on target leverage of Marriott (Table A) then, combine the Levered ? E, risk free rate, and MRP to calculated the cost of equity using CAPM relationship. Same, except unlevered beta from previous step was used to calculate levered beta. 8Cost of Debt (RD)See step 7, using Beta DebtSame 9WACCWACC formula accounting for ITS correctionSame, respective target leverage ratios and a ? D equal to Marriott’s ? D were used to estimate WACC. Assumptions †¢Overall Assumptions: Although we assume an ITS, we do not have the data to calculate individual ITS for each division and Marriott. As a result, we assume E*=E (rather than E*=E+ITS) and that the ITS is as risky as debt. We assume debt is perpetual and no growth. Beta of Debt: Although Marriott is one firm, we assume it is fairly comparable to a generic HG Corp, with single A rating. Therefore we performed a linear regression on the rate of returns of HG Corporate Bonds against S&P 500 rate of returns, as a proxy of the market portfolio rate of returns. †¢Risk-free rate: The 10Yr UST is assumed to be the best estimate at company and division level. Ideally, each cash flow shou ld be discounted using a government bond with the same maturity. For this case, the selection of the maturity should one that matches best the entire cash flow stream being valued. Also, 1Yr rate is very volatile and 30Y illiquid and thus there is premium built therein. We have assumed that the rates provided in Table B are for zero-coupon bonds, and USD. †¢Current leverage: Market value of debt is estimated to be equal to its book value. The firm is HG, risk premium for HG bonds is relatively low, and we have no information on coupon level of fixed rate debt. The floating rate debt is likely to trade close to par. For subsequent calculations, we also assumed the average maturity at five years. There is only long-term debt for us to consider. Market risk premium: In the same fashion that we estimate the risk free rate benchmark is 10y UST Bond Interest Rate, so we used the difference of average returns between LT UST Bonds and S&P 500 for the period 1926-87, the longest history available we have. We are aware of the imperfection of using historical rates of return. †¢Average corporate tax rate: We assume that the rate calculated as the average rate ap plied to 1987 is a reasonable proxy for future tax rate. Tax rate is applicable across divisions. †¢Cost of Debt: S&P 500 is also considered to be best proxy available for market portfolio. We also assumed no financial distress, which is reasonable because firm has real assets and overhead cost is 3% of revenue. Competitors and divisions have the same debt beta as Marriott: †¢Beta equity of each division: it has been assumed that the unlevered beta equity of each division is comparable to the average of unlevered beta equity of the comparables identified in the case for each relevant business segment. †¢Weighted average of book value of assets was used to determine the unlevered beta of Contract Division, we assumed this to be a reasonable proxy instead of market value of assets.

The Conspiracy of Water Fluoridation Essay examples

Few object to the therapeutic use of fluoride to stop tooth decay, but fluoridation, the addition of fluoride to the public water supply, can spark avid controversy. Most dentists, medical groups, and government officials argue that fluoridation is a cheap and risk-free venture that doubles cavity prevention. In contrast, a small minority of dentists and conservative political groups argue that fluoride is a hazardous, poisonous substance that should not be consumed. Some antifluoridationists even claim that fluoridation is an untrustworthy form of socialized medicine. But rather than just attacking fluoridation as socialized medicine, opponents originally claimed that it was a conspiracy to poison or brainwash Americans through†¦show more content†¦Constitutionality was frequently mentioned during a 1954 House Congressional hearing on the Fluoridation of Water that discussed the enactment of a national ban â€Å"to protect the public health from the dangers of fluorida tion of water† (U.S. Congress, 1). Opponents appealed to the First Amendment in two contexts. First, a pamphlet clearly depicted the view that fluoridation â€Å"constitutes a socialistic form of mass medication violating our State laws and the Federal Constitution†¦ [and] involves an unwarranted interference with individual liberty† (U.S. Congress, 323). Placing fluoride in the public water supply denied opponents the freedom of expression to not be medicated. Christian Scientists also claimed that fluoridation violated the freedom of religion. At the hearing, James Watt, a spokesman of Christian Science, testified that mass medication, â€Å"constituted a violation of fundamental religious rights† by violating a Christian Scientist’s right to heal with just prayer (U. S. Congress, 59). Opponents argued that as long as alternatives to water treatment existed, fluoridation was unconstitutional and Un-American due to its violations of individual rights. The visible conflict of paradigms results from the opposition’s conscious identification with political ideologies, whereas the fundamental cause of fluoridation opposition emerges from the individual’s subconscious craving for natural purity. According to MorrisShow MoreRelatedOral Health1667 Words   |  7 Pagestheir kids how to spit and brush their teeth .(â€Å"Saint Louis†) Caring for a childs teeth should be the same as caring for an infants gums. Anytime that you may need to calm down your baby you shouldnt always give them sugary foods instead give them water. They might not like it at first because its not what they want , but if the parent gets them used to it, surely they will love it. Some parents have the habit of dipping their babys pacifier in something that is likely to be sugary so the baby willRead More Tales of a Strange Love in Dr. Strangelove Essay882 Words   |  4 Pagesred propaganda he has internalized:   I can no longer sit back and allow Communist infiltration, Communist indoctrination,   Communist subversion,   and the international Communist conspiracy to sap and impurify all of our precious bodily fluids.   He elaborates further citing the Communist fluoridation of U.S. drinking water as the most dangerous of Soviet plots to infiltrate and destroy the American people.   With all the sense of a Joe McCarthy, Ripper is prepared to begin and accept the consequencesRead MoreNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 Pages------------------------------------------------- New World Order (conspiracy theory) This article is about the use of the term  New World Order  in conspiracy theory. For other uses, see  New World Order (disambiguation). The reverse side of the  Great Seal of the United States  (1776). The Latin phrase novus ordo seclorum, appearing on the reverse side of the Great Seal since 1782 and on the back of the  U.S one-dollar bill  since 1935, means New Order of the Ages and only alludes to the beginningRead MoreStanley Kubrick Essay1863 Words   |  8 Pages Jack D. Ripper is an obvious reference to the prostitute killing serial killer, and Buck Turgidson needs no explanation. The whole plot of the film seems to derive from Gen. Rippers amazing conspiracy theory about the Soviet poisoning his essence and leaving him impotent through water fluoridation. And of course the famous introduction, the in flight refueling of a bomber to an instrumental love song, is obviously pointing out the sexual appearance of the onscreen action. The Shining hasRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pages00000 Frm 00994 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH H3962 995 1 (ii) by inserting ‘‘, in cases under 2 paragraph (12), $50,000 for any violation 3 described in this section committed in fur- 4 therance of the conspiracy involved; or in 5 cases under paragraph (13), $50,000 for 6 each false record or statement, or conceal- 7 ment, avoidance, or decrease’’ after ‘‘by an 8 excluded individual’’; and 9 (F) in the second sentence, by striking