Origins of Psychology Essay Example for Free

Origins of Psychology Essay This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud in the early 1900’s and paved the way for modern psychology in the early 1900’s. This theory deals with the deep, inner and mysterious core of the human psyche, in search of understanding the psychology of the human being. It is also closely connected with evolutionary perspectives on personality. Behaviorist : The primary focus of the behavioral perspective is on behavior and the influence of the external environment in shaping of the individual’s behavior. Teaching, therefore, refers to the environmental conditions that are arranged and presented to students. Some of the key behaviorist theorists in the field of psychology are viz. , John Watson, B. F. Skinner, and E. L. Thorndike. Teachers who draw from behaviorist theory tend towards active learning (or learning by doing). The teacher determines all of the skills needed to achieve the desired behavior and students learn them in a step-by-step manner. Humanist : The focus of the humanistic perspective is on the self, which translates into YOU, and your perception of your experiences. This veiw argues that you are free to choose your own behavior, rather than reacting to environmental stimuli and reinforcers. Issues dealing with self-esteem, self-fulfillment, and needs are paramount. The major focus is to facilitate personal development. Two major theorists associated with this view are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Cognitive : The school of psychology that examines internal mental processes, such as creativity, perception, thinking, problem solving, memory, and language. Cognitive psychologists are interested in how a person understands, diagnoses, and solves a problem, concerning themselves with the mental processes that mediate between stimulus and response (Garvey,1999) Neuro-scientific / Bio-psychological : The neuro-scientific framework seeks to relate behavior and mind to the brain. The important overall point of a neuro-scientific perspective is that analyses of normal or abnormal function need to be informed by an understanding of the brain structures and processes that implement the function. Psychiatrists need to monitor emerging work that highlights the need for both a neuro-scientific and medical perspective in the management of complex disorders. Evolutionary : Evolutionary psychology is the science that seeks to explain through universal mechanisms of behavior why humans act the way they do. Evolutionary psychology seeks to reconstruct problems that our ancestors faced in their primitive environments, and the problem-solving mechanisms they created to meet those particular challenges. From these reconstructed problem-solving adaptations, the science then attempts to establish the common roots of our ancestral behavior, and how those common behavioral roots are manifested today in the widely scattered cultures of the planet. The goal is to understand human behavior that is universally aimed at the passing of ones genes into the next generation. Socio-cultural : The social-cultural perspective concentrates on the culture of a group of individuals or society as a whole rather than the individual. To understand why people tend to show certain behavior traits, mental health clinicians look at what affects the community as a group of individuals might have on their own thought processes. Some of the questions pondered are if a person behaves a certain way to be accepted or commits an act because it is accepted amongst their society.

Analysing Principles Of Self Defense In Law Philosophy Essay

Analysing Principles Of Self Defense In Law Philosophy Essay All the defenses only have an evidential burden i.e. the defendant (D) has the burden of raising the defense with evidence in order to make it a live issue but the prosecution has burden to negative the defense. (2) Origin All the defenses have their origins in common law and are common law defenses. (3) Full Defense All the defenses offer a complete defense i.e. if the defense is accepted D is acquitted. (4) Intoxication In the application of all the defenses, any evidence of voluntary intoxication is irrelevant since D has made himself incapable of assessing e.g. the reasonable use of force, threats etc in the defenses hence he is culpable. II. Contrast (1) Generality There is no general defense of necessity but self-defense, duress by threats and duress of circumstances are general defenses. (2) Application Self-defense is defense to all crimes while duress by threats and duress of circumstances apply to all crimes except murder, attempted murder and some forms of treason. The defense of necessity operates on a piecemeal basis but it can never be a defense to a charge of murder. (3) Statutory backing Some statutes expressly provide for the defense of necessity while there is no statutory backing for the remaining defenses. (4) Defendants characteristics The defendants characteristics are irrelevant in self-defense and the defense of necessity but in duress by threats and duress of circumstances the jury in deciding whether a reasonable person in such a condition might have been impelled to do what D did could consider Ds age, sex, pregnancy or any recognized mental illness. (5) Test The test of self-defense is a subjective one in that D must be treated according to the facts D actually believed them to be regardless of whether or not it was objectively reasonable. However, the reasonableness of the belief was material to the question of whether it was actually held or not. For duress by threats and duress of circumstances, there is both a subjective and objective element. The first limb (subjective) asks whether D was compelled to act as he did because of the circumstances he honestly believed he would die or be seriously physically injured. The second limb (objective) questions whether a person of reasonable firmness sharing Ds characteristics would have responded in the same way to the threats/circumstances. In order to apply the defense of necessity, the court needs to be satisfied that D acted reasonably and proportionately in order to avert the greater evil. (6) Mistake With respect to self defense, duress by threats, duress of circumstances and necessity the question is what the defendant actually believed even if he was mistaken.  But the belief must nonetheless be a reasonable belief in the case of duress by threats, duress of circumstances and necessity. For self defense, the belief does not have to be a reasonable one but the more unreasonable the belief the less likely it is that it was actually held. (7) Limitations Self-defense can only be used as a defense for the purpose of defending D himself/herself, his/her property or another persons while in duress by threats and duress of circumstances both must have an immediate threat/harm of death or serious physical injury and the threat/harm must be directed towards the commission of the particular offense. Moreover, the threat/harm can be directed against D, his/her immediate family or someone close. Although the defense of necessity has not been completely rejected yet its application appears in the most trying circumstances and there must be pressure from an extraneous event. In order to successfully plead the defense of self-defense, the force used must be in response to an immediate and particular threat, not in relation to a future time. In determining the reasonableness of force, the court will consider its proportionality, whether D demonstrated an unwillingness to use force and whether the force was used in the heat of the moment. In duress by threats, the defense will fail if D voluntarily exposed itself to the threat. While in duress by circumstances, the defense will not apply if the commission of an offense is merely the result of Ds own subjective thought processes and emotions. Question 2 I. Introduction Although only of academic concern, Walker LJ in Re A (Children) made it clear that these defenses were actually either regarded as justifications or excuses in Criminal law. II. Analysis Self-defense and necessity is viewed in the eyes of the law as conduct which is justified. The circumstances are such that the court recognizes that it was fitting and right for the defendant (D) to act as he did thus he is not criminally liable. Duress, by threats or circumstances, is normally viewed as providing D with an excuse for what is, on the face of it, criminal conduct. From a legal perspective, even though D has committed an offense but since D only did so because of a forceful external influence, human or non-human, D was left with no other alternative but to act as required. Ds action is not applauded yet the law understands thus such an act is excused. The main difference between justifications and excuses is the evaluation of Ds act from a moral point of view. A justified act e.g. use of reasonable force in a lawful arrest is morally correct but robbing a bank in response to a threat of death, for example, which is prima facie against the law nonetheless Ds act is excused, taking into account the threat, allowing him to avoid criminal liability. At the micro level, a number of finer distinctions are also seen. Firstly, an excusable act may be resisted by another but in relation to justifiable conduct the person threatened may not do so. Secondly, excused conduct causes harm to society and unlike an act which is justified parties other than the excused D remain guilty. Lastly, with regards to an excusatory act all the facts must be known but in a justified conduct D ought to be allowed to rely on facts although he was unaware of at the time of conduct. III. Conclusion Although from a theoretical point of view it is not right to describe these concepts as defenses yet in practicality it makes little difference whether D is excused or justified since the end result of both is the same i.e. D is acquitted. Question 3 I. Duress of circumstances and Necessity Duress of circumstances is a defence of necessity in all but name. The judiciary is fearful in the abuse of the defence recognizing that defendants could simply use the defence of necessity as a veil to cover their true criminal intentions, claiming that the lesser evil was chosen and on that basis they should be exonerated. The application of the defence of necessity has generally been restricted by the courts throughout common law jurisdictions. In fact the English courts have essentially used duress of circumstances as a means to cover cases that would otherwise come within the scope of necessity. Though it is argued that the defense of necessity is necessary in certain exceptional cases e.g. medical cases yet asserting a defense which operates on a cases by case basis and whose exact boundaries are indefinable it beings a degree of uncertainty into the law. Moreover, the defence of duress of circumstances is capable of dealing with exceptional and difficult cases in a way that necessity may not be and by allowing necessity to co-exist with duress of circumstances it may in fact inhibit the development of a broader defence of necessity. Thus, I propose that the defense of necessity should be subsumed under the defense of duress of circumstances. II. Duress Murder The murder exception rule in the defence of duress is inconsistent both with the human instinct of self preservation and the underlying rationale for the defence which acts as a concession to human frailty. Moreover, the ability of jurors to assess adequately a defence of duress in cases of murder particularly in the light of the strict definition of the defence only makes the case stronger for removing the exception. The defense acts as an excuse not a justification so although heroic behavior is met with great merit in Criminal law yet the failure to achieve should not be met with punishment from the state. Threat Duress ought to be available even for threats of a lesser harm than death or serious physical injury provided that the harm threatened exceeds the harm resulting from the commission of the offense i.e. balance of harms. This is because a number of threats although not of a physical nature are still sufficient to overcome the powers of human resistance and the law should recognize that. But this reform can only be properly considered along with the question of shifting the burden of proving duress presently lying on the prosecution onto the defendant since it would become too easy for the defendant to escape liability.

Inevitability Of Independence :: essays research papers

Many colonists, in the soon to be United States, felt that the English government under which they lived was not fulfilling the needs of its citizens. The poor governing of the British parliament and king left the colonies in a position where seceding from great Britain was the most logical solution. Colonist is a term used loosely in reference to the revolution. The people responsible for the declaration of independence and other important revolutionary acts were not the average colonists, rather they were the rich and powerful land owners. These men, like Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, were interested in making money and their only real barrier was England. Taxation without representation separated these men from their money and they felt that it was unfeasible to continue living under a government which such absolute power. England claimed that the colonies were virtually represented in parliament but the government in England was looking into the best interests of Englan d and not the best interests of the colonies. The forefathers of our great country were interested in forming a new government utilizing the ideas of the enlightenment period but they were also very interested in making money. England was making it increasingly difficult for these men to get richer. In 1765 a document called â€Å"Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress† was written. Within it the colonists pointed out several discrepancies in their governing powers, one of which was this excerpt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IX. That the duties imposed by several late Acts of Parliament, from the peculiar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   circumstances of these colonies, will be extremely burdensome and grievous; and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from the scarcity of specie, the payment of them absolutely impracticable.The powerful men of America certainly felt that they were not going to be able to make money, in fact from what they told the British government, they stood to lose money.They also felt that they might not only lose the ability to make money but also the ability to survive. This next excerpt is from the 1775 â€Å"Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms†The commercial intercourse of whole colonies, with foreign countries, and with each   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  other, was cut off by an act of parliament; by another several of them were entirely   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  prohibited from the fisheries in the seas near their coasts, on which they always   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  depended for their sustenance.When one thinks of revolution, one may conjure up images of angry citizens bearing arms with a mind set to gain political change.

Im Ok Your Ok Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A simple summary of I’m Ok-You’re Ok will not give the needed credit that the book and its author deserve. It is a book that one must read to fully or even partially understand it’s meaning and the author’s viewpoint of transactional analysis. The author, Thomas A. Harris M.D., explains in this book the vast amount of experiences that affect the way we live our life from the moment we are born to the second we die. He explains the different feelings a child experiences from being taken cared of and attended to and vice versa. These feelings are described as â€Å"I’m not ok-you’re not ok, I’m not ok-you’re ok, I’m ok-you’re ok, and I’m ok-you’re not ok.† The author explains how the interactions between a parent and a child help develop each of these feelings and tells how each one is either healthy or unhealthy. The book talks about the way every human has an â€Å"Adult, Parent and a Childâ⠂¬  in them all interacting with each other to perform certain task and make everyday decisions. It was amazing to read how certain verbal and physical actions can pinpoint which of the three we are using to perform whatever tasks we are doing. This book is a great guideline to understanding one’s own interpersonal behavior and understanding how to find and keep the â€Å"I’m ok-you’re ok† attitude in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human development has always puzzled me in that I just don’t understand why everybody is completely different. No two people are alike in their ways of thinking, acting, or even dealing with everyday stress. I still don’t understand all of human development but after reading this book I do understand a great deal more about it. I did not realize that the development of a person’s personality starts from the earliest moments of life. It starts to develop when his or her mother or father holds them for the first time and it and it doesn’t stop developing and can always change. As I have grown up, I have realized that many of my actions are just mimics of what my parents did during my childhood. Just every day simple things such as chewing the inside portion of my lip while watching television, which is what my father has always done. The book explained to me that I saw these things being done by my parents and paired them in my mind as wh at an adult does, therefore I do them now because it is ... ...r word usage. I can usually pick out certain words that trigger the thought a child or parent. I have notice the more stable a person is or the more educated a person is the more their parent potential shows out. The longer or more complex their words are the more likely their adult decisions are parental influenced. I even have noticed myself sometime having a strong child influence. I sometime get mad and even whine a little. I recognized my inner child during a card game when I got beaten by a better hand and I stood up and wanted to quit. Usually I don’t notice these things right from the get go but later when I think about I just laugh because I know I looked like a child. I know I will continue to observe people’s actions as well as my own and hopefully I can learn or teach myself how to control my interpersonal feelings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book is a great self help book in my mind. I would definitely tell others to read it but not to get discouraged at it because it does take some time reading it to understand its purpose. We all have interpersonal problems but this book is a wonderful guideline in understanding them and controlling them.

New Zealands Agriculture Essay -- Climate Environment New Zealand Ess

It is safe to say that New Zealand is largely a farming nation since farming makes up a high percentage of the country's export earnings. The country's climate ranges from regions in the north that are considered "warm subtropical", to "cool and temperate" in the south. These diverse areas allow for numerous kinds of farming which are vital to New Zealand's economy. All over the country there are deer, llama, ostrich, goat, cattle and sheep farms, and though they get no subsidies from the government, they still play a large part in contributing to overseas markets with their beef, wool, dairy products, other meats, hides, venison (from deer), and goat fiber. It is said that there are about 20 times as many sheep as there are people in New Zealand, but since the country has become increasingly more developed in recent years, this figure has dwindled and continues to do so. This is not to say that the development of human civilization in New Zealand is the preeminent concern for threat ening the country’s animal farming industries. In fact, climate change is a greater concern, and if global temperatures continue to rise as they have been over the years, New Zealand ’s animal farms could take a hit. Animal farms aren’t the only widespread economy drivers in New Zealand. In addition to animal farms, New Zealand is also rich with tree farms. This way they can harvest trees for lumber without touching the indigenous forests, most of which are protected indefinitely, like the huge rainforest on the western side of the south island. 30 percent of New Zealand is covered in forest, including both natural and "planted production" forests. This is a large and seemingly healthy percentage relative to most other countries in the world. Sin... ...oxide in the air might actually assist the overall growth of some vegetation. Whether the positive aspects of a warmer climate will prevail over the negative aspects remains to be seen, but it will certainly have an impact on agriculture in New Zealand and elsewhere. Humans have never been in this situation before so it will be something that we surely will find out in the future unless something is done to regulate the amount of greenhouse gases that are emitted into the atmosphere. Bibliography Jebson, Mike. â€Å"Climate Change and Agriculture and Forestry: Impact on Industries† http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/rural-nz/sustainable-resource-use/climate/impact-on industries.html Jebson, Mike. â€Å"Climate Change and Agriculture and Forestry: Issues and Responses† http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/rural-nz/sustainable-resource-use/climate/issues-and-responses.html

The Warriors of Ancient Sparta

The Warriors of Ancient Sparta Sparta, also known as Lacedaemon, was an ancient Greek city-state located primarily in the present-day region of southern Greece called Laconia. Life was very different in ancient Sparta than it was in the rest of ancient Greek city-states. The Spartans were proud, tierce, capable warriors. No great works ot art came out ot Sparta. But the Spartans, both men and women, were tough, and the Greeks admired strength.The population of Sparta consisted of three main groups: the Spartans, or Spartlates, who were full citizens; the Helots, or serfs/slaves; and the Perioeci, who were neither laves nor citizens. The Perioeci, whose name means â€Å"dwellers-around,† worked as craftsmen and traders, and built weapons for the Spartans. In Greek mythology the founder ot the city was Lacedaemon, a son ot Zeus, who gave hls name to the region and his wife's name to the city.Sparta was also an Important member of the Greek force which fought In the Trojan War. I ndeed, the Spartan king Menelaos started the war after the Trojan prince Paris kidnapped his wife Helen, offered to Paris by the goddess Aphrodite as a prize for choosing her in a beauty contest against fellow oddesses Athena and Hera. Helen was said to have been the most beautiful woman In Greece and Spartan women In general enjoyed a reputation not only tor good looks but also spirited Independence.All healthy male Spartan citizens participated In the mandatory state-sponsored education system, the Agoge, which emphasized obedience, endurance, courage and self-control, but more on that later. Spartan men devoted their lives to military service, and lived together well into adulthood. A Spartan was taught that loyalty to the state came before everything else, including nes tamlly. The Helots, whose name means â€Å"captives,† were fellow creeks, orlglnally from Laconia and Messenia, who had been taken over by the Spartans and turned Into slaves.The Spartans' way of life woul d not have been possible without the Helots, who did all the day-to-day tasks and unskilled labor required to keep society going: They were domestic servants, farmers, military attendants and nurses. Unlike such Greek city-states as Athens, a center for the arts, learning and philosophy. Sparta was tocused on a warrior culture. Male Spartan citizens were allowed only one ccupation: to be a solider. This lifestyle began early. Spartan boys started their military training at age 7, when they left home and entered the Agoge. The boys lived collectively under grim conditions.They were subjected to continual physical competitions (which could involve violence), given little to no rations and expected to become skilled at stealing food, among other survival skills Spartans, who were outnumbered by the Helots, often treated them cruelly and repressively In an ettort to prevent uprisings. Spartans would humiliate the Helots by doing such things as orcing them to get drunk on wine and then m ake fools of themselves In public. (This practice was also intended to demonstrate to young people how an adult Spartan should never act, as self-control was a prized trait. Methods of abuse could be far more extreme: Spartans were allowed to kill Helots for being too smart or too fit, among other reasons. The teenage boys who demonstrated the most leadership potential were selected for participation In the cryptela, which acted as a secret murder those who were troublemakers. At age 20, Spartan males became full-time oldiers, and remained on active duty until age 60. The Spartans' constant military drilling and discipline made them skilled at the ancient Greek style of fghting in a phalanx formation.In the phalanx, the army worked as a unit in a close, deep formation, and made coordinated mass maneuvers. No one soldier was considered superior to another. Going into battle, a Spartan soldier, or hoplite, wore a large bronze helmet, breastplate and ankle guards, and carried a round s hield made of bronze and wood, a long spear and sword. Spartan warriors were also known for their long hair and red cloaks. Spartan women had a reputation for being independent-minded, and enjoyed more freedoms and power than their counterparts throughout ancient Greece.While they played no role in the military, female Spartans often received a formal education, although separate from boys and not at boarding schools. In part to attract mates, females engaged in athletic competitions, including Javelin-throwing and wrestling, and also sang and danced competitively. As adults, Spartan women were allowed to own and manage property. Additionally, they were typically unencumbered by domestic responsibilities such as ooking, cleaning and making clothing, tasks which were handled by the helots.

Personal Change Project Conditioning Health And Social Care Essay

I would wish to plan a self-modification program which is to advance a wont desirable to myself. I will implement Operant Conditioning and other rules of conditioning in this Personal Change Project.Walking the Dog Frequently and Regularly for a Longer period of TimeThe mark behavior I would wish to hike is walking the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss daily on the seashore near my house. The end of the present program was to prolong a good wellness since jogging is involved during the walk with the Canis familiaris. For case, ramble oning conditions the cardiovascular system, cut downing the opportunity of acquiring bosom disease. It besides helps in beef uping musculus and cut downing extra fat by firing Calories. In add-on, it can advance the relationship with the Canis familiaris as its proprietor. At the same clip, in order to take up the duty as a portion of the household members, walking the Canis familiaris on a regular basis is indispensable. Last, relaxation can be achieved by walking Canis familiaris along the seashore as the aesthetic position and nature of it can assist alleviating emphasis and sadness. A baseline appraisal was carried out predating the self-modification program. In the self-modification program, each clip the client walked the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss was counted as walking the Canis familiaris for one clip. No bound was placed on the clip she walked the dog each twenty-four hours.Baseline AssessmentIn the baseline appraisal of the mark behaviour before transporting out the self-modification program, the frequence and continuance of walking the Canis familiaris by the client was measured utilizing a timer. It lasted for 14 yearss from 5th September to 18th September. ( Table 1 ) The frequence which the client walked her Canis familiaris was 7 times in two hebdomads and the entire clip spent to walk the Canis familiaris in two hebdomads was 183 proceedingss and the mean clip spent on walking the Can is familiaris was 26 proceedingss in two hebdomads. Therefore, the existent continuance of clip for walking the Canis familiaris before the self-modification program was much less than the mark continuance of clip set in program ( 45 proceedingss ) . This was because the mark behaviour was normally hindered by different ancestors and effects ( to be mentioned in the following session ) Walking The Dog Date Yes NO 5th September 15 proceedingss 6th SeptemberTen7th September 28 proceedingss 8th SeptemberTen9th September 35 proceedingss tenth SeptemberTen11th September 25 proceedingss 12th SeptemberTen13th SeptemberTen14th September 40 proceedingss 15th SeptemberTen16th September 30 proceedingss 17th SeptemberTen18th September 10 proceedingss Entire Time of walking the Canis familiaris 183 proceedingss Average clip of walking the Canis familiaris 183 / 7 = 26 proceedingss Table 1 Frequency and Duration of walking the Canis familiaris from 5th Sept. to 18th Sept.Ancestors and ConsequencesHarmonizing to Weiyen ( 2007, pp.250-254 ) , ancestors are the preceding fortunes. Consequences are the effects or consequences of something happening earlier.Ancestors which limit my mark behaviorBefore implementing this self-modification program, there were ever several ancestors which restricts me from walking the Canis familiaris. First of wholly, it was non possible for me to walk the Canis familiaris during showery yearss as the Canis familiaris will acquire soiled and wet. In add-on, I normally felt so tired after school or work that I did non hold the energy to walk my Canis familiaris.Ancestors which reinforce my mark behaviorIt is ever free to walk my Canis familiaris along the seashore near my place as no transit cost is needed. In add-on, it merely takes me 5 proceedingss to entree the seashore, therefore it is really convenient to walk my pet.Consequences which limit my mark behaviorExerting my Canis familiaris normally makes me even more tired after school or work so this greatly influences my advancement of analyzing, and therefore impacting my public presentation on trials. Therefore, the fatigue from walking my Canis familiaris restricts me from making so.Consequences which reinforce my mark behaviorWalking my Canis familiaris can assist ease my bodily fittingness and keeping wellness. This is because I jog while walking my Canis familiaris and it helps to better my cardiovascular and respiratory system. Heart musculuss are strengthened and become more efficient during jogging. Besides, deeper breathe can be achieved to provide more O and foods to our musculuss, enabling us to be more energetic engaging in activities we enjoy. Besides, it is of import to keep a good relationship with my household and Canis familiaris via taking up my duty as a household member walking my Canis familiaris as wrangles sometimes arise due to this is sue. Furthermore, walking my Canis familiaris can assist cut downing emphasis and sadness from the heartache of interrupting up and analyzing.Behavioral Principles and SchemesOperant Conditioning was used as the major rule to increase the mark behaviour. It is a signifier of acquisition in which a response becomes more likely to happen in a peculiar stimulation state of affairs as a consequence of its effects. In this Conditioning, assorted types of supports and penalties were applied. Support occurs when an event following a response increases an being & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s inclination to do that response. Punishment occurs when an event following a response weakens the inclination to do that response. Positive support was involved in the program. This is a response is strengthened as it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulation. Therefore, a positive reinforcing stimulus was set that I could bask a tasty barbeque dinner with my close friends every 10 times I walked my Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss. This was a rewarding stimulation for me as I love barbeque and I cherish the clip garnering with close friends. It was a secondary reinforcing stimulus as it acquired reenforcing belongingss through repeated association with primary reinforcing stimulus. Negative Reinforcement was besides applied. It occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the remotion of an unpleasant stimulation. I late broke up with my fellow and it was a heart-breaking experience. Then I found that walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore and basking the aesthetic position of the nature can assist to alleviate the heartache. Therefore, I walk the Canis familiaris along the seashore more frequently. Therefore, the difficult feeling after interrupting up was the unpleasant stimulation and it was thought that walking Canis familiaris along the seashore can take this aversive stimulation, therefore walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore ( response ) is strengthened. Negative Punishment was used, which was to diminish the unwanted behavior by taking something pleasant. For every individual clip the client could non successfully walk her Canis familiaris for 45 proceedingss in a twenty-four hours, her female parent locked up my laptop for two yearss. Therefore, she needed to utilize the public computing machines in the library for a twosome of yearss if she did non walk the Canis familiaris and this one time brought her a immense incommodiousness. Hence, the usage of laptop at place is regarded as the pleasant event and the reluctance to walk the Canis familiaris is the unwanted behaviour.The EventualitiesAs for the Positive Reinforcement, a Fixed-ratio agenda of support was besides applied as the client could bask barbeque with friends every 10 times she walked the Canis familiaris. Therefore, the definition of fixed-ratio agenda is the positive reinforcing stimulus ( barbeque with friends ) is given after a fixed figure ( 10 times ) of non-reinf orced responses ( walking the Canis familiaris ) . In the Negative Reinforcement, Variable-schedule of support was used. The reinforcing stimulus ( the gradual alleviation of hurting after interrupting up ) was given after a variable figure of non-reinforced responses ( walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore ) . After the client walked the Canis familiaris along the seashore for a few times, she found that the heartache reduced a small spot and this was a reinforcing stimulus. Then this reinforcing stimulus strengthened the response inclination for walking the Canis familiaris as she believed this can alleviate hurting after interrupting up with fellow. As for the Negative Punishment, every clip the client did non walk her Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss one time a twenty-four hours, her female parent locked up her laptop for two yearss. Inconvenience was brought to the client if she could non carry through the mark behaviour, as she could non utilize her laptop for two yearss ( usage of laptop is a pleasant stimulation ) , alternatively she could merely utilize the public computing machine outside.Consequence of the AssessmentThe self-modification program was set to complete in two hebdomads from 19th September to 2nd October after the baseline appraisal. ( Table 2 ) It can be seen that the response inclination of walking the Canis familiaris greatly strengthened after the program was implemented. The frequence of walking the Canis familiaris was 20 times which was about 3 times more than that of the baseline appraisal ( 7 times ) . The entire continuance of walking the Canis familiaris in two hebdomads was 1039 proce edingss, while the mean clip spent on walking the Canis familiaris was 52 proceedingss each clip, which is a dual compared to the consequence obtained in the baseline appraisal. Therefore, she was rewarded twice by holding barbeque dinners with her friends in these two hebdomads, as she achieved walking her Canis familiaris 20 times. Although the client failed to carry through the mark behaviour for one clip in these two hebdomads, it was due to the heavy work load from alterations and assignments. She was so experient negative penalty which she could non utilize her laptop for two yearss as her female parent locked it up. Walking the Canis familiaris Date Yes NO First Time on the day/ minute Second Time on the day/ minute 19th September 50 45 twentieth September 45 45 21st September 48 22nd September 55 48 23rd September 70 50 24th September 85 25th September 50 26th September Ten 27th September 45 50 28th September 50 50 29th September 45 47 thirtieth September 55 1st October 60 2nd October 46 Entire Time of walking the Canis familiaris 1039 Average Time of walking the Canis familiaris each clip 1039 / 20 =52 Table 2 Frequency and Duration of walking the Canis familiaris from 19th September to 2nd OctoberThe Strength, Weakness and Effectiveness of the Modification PlanThe self-modification program was seemingly effectual, which could be proved by the big difference in consequences shown in table 1 and table 2. The behaviour of the client was successfully modified to walk the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss one time a twenty-four hours. This was proved by the twofold continuance of walking the Canis familiaris each clip on norm ( 26 proceedingss in baseline appraisal and 52 proceedingss in the self-modification program ) and the frequence of walking the Canis familiaris was about tripled ( 7 times in baseline appraisal and 20 times in the self-modification program ) . This was chiefly due to the strengths of the program. Positive support was used in the program, in which the client was rewarded a barbeque dinner with her friends every 10 times she walked the Canis familiaris However,